Cell Culture RAW 264. 7 mouse macrophage cell line was cultured in high-glucose DMEM (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Biowest Ltd., Loire Valley, France), 100 U/m, L penicillin, and 100 g/m, L streptomycin (Thermo Fisher, Rockford, IL, U.S.A.) at 37C in a 5% humidified incubator with 5% CO2.
RAW264. 7 cells were promoted with 500 M FFA (Palmitic acid, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) prepared by being liquified and put together in 10% bovine serum albumin (Thermo Fisher, Rockford, IL, U.S.A.) in hot environment (5560C), until fully dissolved. THP-1 cells were cultured in the existence of 100 ng/m, L PMA for 72 h.
To identify the specific action of FFA, BSA was used as car in the control groups. Cytotoxicity Assay and Determination of Nitric Oxide (NO) or PGE2 Production To ensure the safety of TP, cytotoxicity assay was performed using Cytotoxicity LDH Assay Package (Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) according to the maker's directions.
Measurement of nitrite in medium was used as an indicator of NO production. Culture supernatants were collected and nitrite, the stable response product generated from NO with molecular oxygen, was measured using Griess reagent (Cayman Chemical Co., Ann Arbor, MI, USA) according to the manufacturer's guidelines. More In-Depth was determined with ELISA according to the manufacturer's guidelines (Cayman Chemical Co.).
Overall RNA was extracted using RNeasy Mini Set (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, U.S.A.) according to the producer's instructions and evaluated for pureness utilizing the Nano, Drop system (Nano, Drop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, U.S.A.). Total m, RNA was reverse transcribed to c, DNA using High Capability c, DNA Reverse Transcription Set (Applied Biosystems, USA) according to the manufacturer's directions.
The thermal profiles included 10 min at 95C for denaturing, followed by 40 cycles of 95C for 15 s, annealing at 60C for 1 minutes. -Actin or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase m, RNA was utilized as the house-keeping gene for RAW 264. 7 or THP-1 cells, respectively, and all data were represented relative to its expression (i.